Email this article 
Hide
Show all
VARIETAL RESPONSE OF BITTER GOURD GERMPLASM AGAINST MYROTHECIUM RORIDUM TODE EX. FR. CAUSING MYROTHECIUM LEAF SPOT DISEASE AND ITS CHEMOSYNTHETIC MANAGEMENT
Abstract
The fungus Myrothecium roridum is the chief hazard to crops including cucurbits inhabit in soil as saprophyte, on diseased plant debris and also as facultative parasite on vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. Keeping in view the damage caused by M. roridum to bitter gourd, screening of nine bitter gourd varieties (BG34F1, Manika 7004, CBT 36, BSS 616, KHBG 037, Leena 7005, Raja, Tipu and CO2NO3) was done in Plant Pathology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad under field conditions. All the varieties showed moderately susceptible to highly susceptible reaction ranging between 25-75% infections on leaves. Significant disease severity was recorded in the genotype Tipu while the lowest disease severity was recorded in the genotype BG34F1. Maximum numbers of flowers were recorded in the variety Tipu (24.33) followed by Raja (17.33) and CO2NO3 (15.33). Maximum number of fruits were recorded in the variety Tipu (40.00) followed by BSS 616 (11.00) and CO2NO3 (10.33). M. roridum from the diseased samples was isolated and identified morphologically as white cylindrical conidia with rounded ends under the microscope. In vitro management of the fungus M. roridum was done with fungicides having novel mode of action including Antracol® (Propineb), Cabrio Top® (Pyraclostrobin + Metriam Complex), Nativo®(Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin), Topsin M® (Thiophenate Methyl) and Score® (Difenoconazole) at concentrations of 50,100,150,200,250 µg/mL to inhibit the mycelial growth. Among all the fungicides tested, Score significantly reduced the mycelial growth of M. roridum with a value of 49% decrease over control followed by Nativo and Topsin M with a value of 48% and 47% respectively. Antracol was found to be the least effective in reducing the mycelial growth of M. roridm with a value of 22% decrease over control.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alam, M. W., A. Rehman, M. Saira, S. Aslam, A. Hameed, S. Sarfraz, S. Muhammad, and K. Riaz. 2017. First report of leaf spot caused by Myrothecium roridum on watermelon in Pakistan. Plant Dis. 101 (6): 1053.
Ali, S., A. Wahid, M. Murtaza and A. Nadeem. 1988. Myrothecium leaf spot of bitter gourd in Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. and Indus. Res. 9: 598-600.
Bharath, B.G., S. Likesh, B. Yashovarma, H. S. Prakash and H. S. Shetty. 2006. Seed-borne nature of Myrothecium roridum in Watermelon seeds. Res. J. Bot. 1: 44-45.
Bharath, B.G., S. Lokesh, V.R. Rai, H.S. Prakash, K. Yashovarma and 1H.S. Shetty. 2005. Role of foliar spray in the infection biology and management of fungal diseases of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai]. World J. Agric. Sci. 1: 105-108.
Borum, D.F. and J.B. Sinclair. 1968. Evidence for systemic fungicides protection against Rhizoctonia solani with Vitavax in cotton seedlings. Phytopathology. 58: 976-980.
Castlebury, L.A., A.Y. Rossman, G.H. Sung, A.S. Hyten and J.W. Spatafora. 2004. Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus. Mycol. Res. 108: 864-872.
Chase A. R. 1990. Controlling Myrothecium petiol rot of Syngonium podophyllum. Proceed. Flo. State Hort. Soc. 103:194-195.
Chase, A.R. 1983. Influence of host plant and isolate source on Myrothecium leaf spot of foliage plants. Plant Dis. 67: 668-671.
Costa, I., P.M. Wanderley, M.A. Cavalcante, M.J. Fernandes and M. Lima. 2006. Hyphomycetes from soil of an area affected by copper mining activities in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 37: 290- 295.
Desai, U.T. and A.M. Musmade. 1998. Pumpkins, squashes and gourds. In! D.K. Salunkhe and S.S. Kadam (eds.), Handbook of vegetable science and technology: Production, composition. Storage and processing. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 273-298.
Domsch, K., H.W. Gamsa and T. Anderson. 2007. Compendium of soil fungi. 2nd ed. IHW Verlag. Eching, Germany. 672 pp.
Fitton, M. and P. Holliday. 1970. In: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 253, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau, :1-2.
Fonseka, H.H. and R.M. Fonseka. 2011. Studies on deterioration and germination of bitter gourd seed (Momordica charantia L.) during storage. Acta Hort. 898: 31-38.
Gusmao, M.T.A., S. A. L. Gusmao and J.A.C. Araújo. 2006. Produtividade de tomate tipo cereja cultivado em ambiente protegido em diferentes substrates. Horti. Brasil. 24: 431–436.
Ibitoye, D.O. P.E. Akin-Idowu and O.T. Ademoyegun. 2009. “Agronomic and lycopene evaluation in tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.) as a function of genotype”. World J. Agric. Sci. 5: 892–895.
Ismail, M. and J. Zhang. 2004. Post-harvest citrus diseases and their control outlook, Pest Manage. 15: 29-35.
Khan, S.A and M. Kamal. 1968. The fungi of South West Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. and Indus. Res. 11: 61-80.
Khan, S.A. and M. Kamal. 1962. Addition to the powdery mildews of Sind region including 13 new records from Pakistan. Pak. J. Sci. Res. 14: 155-156.
Kim, D.K., D.W. Bae, S.C. Lee, K.S. Han and H.K. Kim. 2003. Detection of Myrothecium leaf spot, a new disease of watermelon. Plant Pathol. J. 19: 200–202.
Maholay, M.N. 1986. Seed borne diseases of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Seed and Farm. 12: 43- 44.
Maji, M.D., H. Sau and B.K. Das. 2009. Screening of mulberry germplasm lines against Powdery mildew, Myrothecium leaf spot and Pseudocercospora leaf spot disease complex. Arch. Phytopath. Plant Prot. 42: 805-811.
McLean, D. M. and B. Sleeth. 1961. Myrothecium rind rot of cantaloupe. Plant Dis. 45: 728–729.
MNFSR, 2015. Ministry of national food security and research economic wing, Govt. of Pakistan.
Murakami, R. and A. Shirata. 2005. Mycotoxin B detection from mulberry leaves infected with Myrothecium roridum, cause Myrothecium leaf spot of mulberry, and possible roles in pathogenicity. Japan. J. Phytopath. 71: 91-100.
Norman, D.J., R.J. Henny, J.M.F. Yuen and T.A. Mellich. 2003. Screening for resistance to Myrothecium leaf spot among Syngonium species and cultivars. Hort. Sci. 38: 75-76.
Pek, Z. and L. Helyes. 2004. The effect of daily temperature on truss flowering rate of tomato. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84:1671–1674.
Quezado, D., G.P. Henz, M.L. Paz-Lima, A.R. Medeiros, B.E.C. Miranda, L.H. Pfenning and A. Reis. 2010. New hosts of Myrothecium spp. in Brazil and a preliminary in vitro assay of fungicides. Braz. J. Microbiol.41: 233-240.
Rauf, C.A., M. Ashraf and I. Ahmad. 2007. Management of black scurf disease of potato. Pak. J. Bot. 39: 1353-1357.
Russel, D.F. and S.P. Eisensmith. 1983. MSTAT-C. Crop Soil Sci. Dept.Michigan State Univ. USA.
SAS Institute, 1990. SAS/STAT Users Guide version 6. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
Shakir, A.S. and J.H. Mirza. 1992. Seed-borne fungi of Bottle gourd from Faisalabad and their control. Pak. J. Phytopathol. 4: 54-57.
Sharma, N. and K.S. Bharghava. 1978. Fruit rot of bitter gourd. Indian Phytopath. 30: 557-558.
Shaukat, A., A. Wahid, M. Murtaza and A. Nadeem. 1988. Myrothecium leaf spot of bitter gourd in Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 9: 598-600.
Singh, D. and R.R. Sharma. 2007. Diseases of fruit and vegetables and their management. In: Prasad, D. (Ed.), Sustainable Pest Manag. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 12: 311-318.
Souza-Motta, C.M., M.A.Q. Cavalcanti, M.J.S. Fernandes, D.M.M. Lima, J.P. Coimbra and D. Laranjeira. 2003. Identification and characterization of filamentous fungi isolated from the sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) rhizosphere according to their capacity to hydrolyse inulina. Braz. J. Microbiol. 34: 273-280.
Sultana, N. and A. Ghaffar. 2009. Pathogenesis and control of Myrothecium spp., the cause of leaf spot on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn.). Pak. J. Bot. 41: 429-433.
Sutton, B.C. 1980. Coelomycetes - Fungi Imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. 1900 pp.
Vir, S. and J. S. Grewel. 1974. Physiologic specialization in Ascochyta rabiei, the casual organismof gram blight. Ind. Phytopath. 27: 524-526.
Wahid, A., A. Saleem and S. Ali. 1988. Important diseases of vegetables and their control (Urdu Pamphlet). Agri. Inf. Dept., Govt. of the Punjab, Lahore. 30 pp.
Wahid, A., S. Ali and A. S. Shakir. 1991. Seed-borne mycoflora of sponge gourd in Punjab. Pak. J. Agri. Res. 12: 151-152.
Worapong, J., J. Sun and G. Newcombe. 2009. “First Report of Myrothecium roridum from a Gymnosperm,” North American Fungi. 4:1 -6.
Yang, S.L. and LW. Walters. 1992. Ethnobotany and the economic role of the Cucurbitaceae of china. Econ. Bot. 46: 349-367.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.029.01.0361
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2017 Hasnain Sajjad, Muhammad Iqbal, Abdul Rehman, Muhammad W. Alam, Saira Mehbob, Muhammad Idrees
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
 |  |  | ||
| Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology ISSN: 1019-763X (Print), 2305-0284 (Online). © 2013 Pak. J. Phytopathol. All rights reserved. | ||||